novel story - John Galsworthy, - British writer and playwright, co-founder and first president of International PEN

Author John Galsworthy seems to have evolved without shock, driven by a compulsion of conscience and tireless creator. There is not one of those who turned the literary career, quickly and without resistance. Born as the English said, with a silver spoon in his mouth, it is economic independence, he studied at Harrow and Oxford, has in practice not law, and has round-the-world trip. If, at the age of 28, he began writing for the first time, is the proximate cause of the invitation of a friend, and it is simply a recovery Galsworthy, of course not without the inherent errors of the man against the vocation of writing. His first two collections of stories under the pseudonym John John Sin and published editions were quickly withdrawn from the beginning, self-criticism. It was not until he was thirty-seven, he began his true author of the novel The Island Pharisees (1904) published, and two years later, the man of wealth, the source of his fame and along its major monumental work, The Forsyte Saga.
Thus, the citation for Galsworthy, on the occasion of his receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature in absentia
Galsworthy was in Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, born in a family of upper middle class and wealthy, his father, John Galsworthy, a lawyer and director of several companies founded and his mother, born Bartleet White, the daughter of a manufacturer Midlands. Galsworthy attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, trained as a lawyer and was admitted to the bar in 1890. Do not want to start attorney, he has traveled abroad look at the interests of family businesses of transport, while the story of unhappy love. During the time of his studies, he gained renown as a football and cricket, but not with his writings. Only time he wanted to write a study of hot-blooded horses.
During his travels he met Joseph Conrad docked, and the second with a sailboat in the harbor of Adelaide in Australia, and the two became close friends. In one letter he noted: "The second is a center named Conrad, and a kind of capital is so funny to watch, he is a man to travel and experience in many parts of the world and has a son of the Fund, to which I freely draw. "This meeting has Galsworthy to give up belief, law and devote himself entirely to writing.
In 1895 began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Galsworthy, the wife of one of his cousins. with whom he lived in secret for ten years because it did not cause the distress of his father, who did not approve the report. With the death of his father in 1904, Galsworthy became financially independent and in 1905, married Ada. They remained together until his death in 1933. She has even inspired a large number of female characters Galsworthy. His first unhappy marriage with the cousin of Galsworthy was the basis for the novel The Man of Property (1906) that the conduct of the Forsyte Saga novel, which was established a reputation as a major writer Galsworthy UK.
From the four winds, from a collection of short stories Galsworthy was the first book in 1897 that were released with several later works under the pseudonym John Sinjohn published. It would not be like the Pharisees, Iceland (1904) it is publishing under his own name to begin to be after the death of his father. His first play, was the silver box (1906) was a success and he followed her to the man of property (1906), the first of the trilogy Forsyte.
Although he wrote two plays and novels on, it was as a playwright, he was particularly appreciated at the time very much. Together with other contemporary writers such as Shaw's plays of the class system and social issues. Two of his most famous pieces of Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920) were. It is now much better known for his novels and in particular The Forsyte Saga, the first of three trilogies of novels about the eponymous family and life related. They, like many of his other works, dealt with the class and especially the lives of upper middle class. While sympathetic characters that he suffocated his highlights of their insular, snobbish and acquisitive crime attitudes and moral codes. The first appearance of the Forsyte family has been in one of the stories in The Man of Devon (1901). The saga follows the lives of three generations of middle class England before 1914. Soames Forsyte married to the beautiful and rebellious Irene, was inspired Arthur Galsworthy, cousin of the writer. Soames rapes his wife, Ada Galsworthy was the fate suffered in the hands of her ex-husband Arthur. In the second volume in Changery (1920), Irene and Soames divorce. She marries Jolyon Forsyte, Soames's cousin gives birth, and a son, Jon. Soames and his second wife, Annette Lamotte, have a daughter, Fleur. In the third volume, to let (1921), flowers and fall in love Jon, but Jon refuses to marry him. The second part of the Forsyte Chronicles, with the white monkeys (1924), begins the silver spoon (1926), Swan Song (1928), one afternoon in October 1922 and ends in 1926. Pedestrians 'A Silent Wooing' and 'with' the two interludes, was released 1927th
Galsworthy came into the world of books Forsyte in the year 1931 with a collection of stories, The Forsyte change. Romain Rolland, author of Jean-Christophe (1904-1912) invented a special point of view are the saga of this type of Newbies series of novels that can be read separately, but a coherent narrative.
Although Galsworthy chronic changes in the family of the middle class in England, "he said in the preface says, the white monkey, has the British character changed little since Victorian times Soames and his generation." He came out, to think in English . Well, they are now racing the easiest and distorted vision, and yet there was no race for them for the good humor to compare and "courage"? And they have this in their smoky towns, climate, and an outstanding example of ecological adaptation, the character of modern English, I could choose an Englishman anywhere, "he thought," and But, physically, there is no general type now! People ask! "
Galsworthy is one of the greatest writers of the Edwardian era considered that denies in his book describes some of the ideals of the society in the literature of Victorian England. The representation of a woman in an unhappy marriage is a recurring theme in his work. Through his writings, he for a variety of reasons, including the reform of the prison, women's rights, animal welfare and censorship, most of which limited appeal outside the time they were written advertised.
Galsworthy first four books were published at his own expense under the pseudonym John Sinjohn. After reading Maupassant and Turgenev, Galsworthy published Rubein Villa (1900), in which he began to find his own voice. These early efforts under the influence of Kipling and Russian novelists wrote, he marked it so heavy and overdone. The Pharisees, Iceland (1904) is the first book that came under his name. Galsworthy was originally written in first person, then the third, revised and again. The final version was not completed until 1908.
In Galsworthy satire against the Pharisees on the island, was the basic element that was in all his later work is already apparent. have the book deals with an English gentleman abroad lived long enough to forget, its traditional sphere of thoughts and feelings. He sharply criticized the national environment and thus, it is supported by a tramp Belgian, who by chance in a train compartment English and who will fulfill his destiny. Galsworthy was then a cosmopolitan house back, ready to fight against the capitalist society of the old nobility, with about the same program as George Bernard Shaw, although the British, in contrast to the Irish fought with spiritual weapons, primarily to intended to capture the imagination and feeling. The egoism of the ruling classes of England just put the issue of early Galsworthy its program for the future, especially in its literature. He never tired of the fight against everything that seemed close and hard in the national character, and persistence of his attacks against the social evil shows his strong feelings and deeply hurt the feelings of justice.
Forsyte in type, he is now upper middle class, wealthy business people, together, a group not yet really reached the nobility, but with its sympathies and instincts, to the ideal of the Man of the known correctness rigid, unperturbed and imposing. These people are particularly against the dangerous feelings, warned that the leak but not accidentally, when passion is taking her life, liberty and the demands of his rights in a world of instincts property. Beauty, here represented by Irene, not with the man of wealth, live in his outrage over this bitter, is Soames Forsyte, almost a tragic figure. Fifteen years later he took his Forsyte, the impact of the First World War has radically changed the perspective. But now extended this work, In Chancery (1920) and Holiday (1921) and two short story interludes have been added, and were therefore Forsyte Saga. Not finished with the youngest members of the family, Galsworthy wrote a modern comedy, a new trilogy, the structure contains very similar to its predecessor, and three novels, the White Monkey (1924), the Silver Spoon (1926) and Swan Song (1928) united by two brief interludes history. These two trilogies together constitute an extraordinary literary achievement. The writer has made the history of his time over three generations, and their success in controlling its huge so ably difficult material, both in its scope and its depth is still a very memorable performance in the English literature.
At the top of this column is the daily reality as experienced by the Forsyte, all personal wealth, conflicts and tragi-comedies. But is visible in the background the dark web of historical events. See, for example, describes the chapter as Soames had with his second wife, the funeral of Queen Victoria in gray witness at the end of Hyde Park, and the quick overview of the age of its accession to the throne: morality 芦 changed, have changed manners, men become monkeys away twice, God has become Mammon - Mammon so respectable as to deceive. In 禄 Forsyte novels, we observe the change and the resolution of the Victorian era to early modern times .. In the first trilogy, comes to life from the time that England has the merger of the aristocracy and the plutocracy to the monitoring of change processes in the idea of a gentleman 禄 芦, a kind of "Indian Summer" made of property before the days of the storm . The second trilogy is not called 芦 禄 Saga but 芦 禄 comedy, describes the deep crisis of New England, whose mission is to transform the ruins of the past and the war in makeshift shacks of his future home. The gallery of types is admirably complete. Business People robust ladies spoiled society, aunts feel of a old-fashioned way, rebellious young girls, men dog clubs, politicians, artists, children, and even - especially the top favored by Galsworthy - in the panorama of London created in a concrete, living under our eyes and ears.
The situations in the future just as curious documents of vibrations and waves of a certain family of genes. The individual portraits are distinguished, and the law of social life is at work.
It can be observed in these novels show how Galsworthy changes gradually. The radical critique of the culture rises gradually to greater objectivity in the assessment and a liberal vision of a pure. It is his treatment of Soames, satire at first, but then described with a respect that more and more reluctantly, finally a real sympathy. Galsworthy has seized on this sympathy, his characterization of the personality Soames has carefully developed the most memorable Forsyte Saga and the comedy of the offspring. One of these episodes masterful final swan song, where the old Soames, after a visit to the village of his ancestors on the west coast, with an old map of the census, is where the Forsyte 'of the farm was to be found, where only a single stone marks the place lingers in the mind of the reader. Something of the spirit, a path leads down into a valley of grass and gorse. He breathes the fresh air and rough sea, the little one's head, he pulls his coat and dreams, his back against the stone. If his ancestors built the house, lonely in this place, if they were the first to settle here? He asks himself. England, to rise before him, a 芦 England pack horses and very little smoke, peat and wood fires, and women who have never left, because they probably 禄. It is long gone, absorbed by his sense of home.
芦 And something stirred in him, as if the independence of the salt desert place was still in the bone. Old Jolyon and his own father and the rest of his uncle - no wonder they were independent, with that air and solitude in her blood, and surly with the stripping of it up - can not let go die. For a moment he seemed to understand, even if they are. 禄
For Soames Galsworthy one of the last of the old England was static. There was no humbug in him, as we know it was his way of trying, but he was sincere. Respectability sober prosaic duly honored in this way realism Galsworthy. As time passed, and the weariness and cynicism was lax and visible modern set, the columnist, that several features that had been estimated in other circumstances were, perhaps really the secret of the power of British resistance. Overall, the later novels are Galsworthy with a sense of patriotic self-defense, that permeated the house and in his descriptions of nature studies. Even the top with a softer and more with poetry, with the sense to protect something valuable, however, already overshadowed by the loss of some made. It can be spaces in which elderly people were to live in it. Or it may be a Park Landscape Garden, where the sun shines beautifully in September on the leaves of beech and yew hedges bronze centennial.
Especially in the Bastide (1907), Fraternity (1901) and The Dark Flower (1913), that their essential character is seen mature. In the novel of the mansion, he created perhaps his most beautiful portraits of women, women Pendyce, the nature of the perfect lady not of the tragedy that a modest truly noble character affected surrounds, was convicted, imprisoned be, if it is not of the shackles of tradition destroyed. In the Brotherhood, he presented with a discrete mixture of pity and irony, the martyr unmet social consciousness, the aesthetic is the shadow of the proletarian masses tortured in London, but is not suitable, the decisive step and meet to share his altruistic impulse. We also know, the old original Mr. Stone, the utopian dreamer with his monologues in the endless night sky, in fact one of the unforgettable Galsworthy. The Dark Flower, can be as a psychological Sonata, plays with a master page and on the basis of the fluctuations of passion and resignation in the days of man. Even in the shape of new Galsworthy was often able to generate an emotional response by the contrasts of light and shadow work, rather graphically. It may in a few pages that can be animated by his personal style, for example, when he a simple case that the German shoemaker tells act 禄 芦 the story of the desperate struggle of good against the craft low-cost industry.
The use of education and sense of justice, his art of storytelling always quiet contemporary notions of life and habits of thinking has influenced. The same is true of his dramatic works, which often defined directly contributed to the discussion and led to social reforms, at least in one area, the management of public prisons in England of Justice (1910), a portrait realistically of prison life, so much feeling that the reform of the prisons led awakened.
His works show an unusual wealth of ideas with great ingenuity and technical competence in the work of the scenic effects combined. If certain tendencies are found, they are always just and humane. Galsworthy play, wrote in a naturalistic style, usually looks at a controversial ethical or social problems. In The Forest (1924), for example, he criticizes the reckless spirit of greed, for the crass, operates the heroism of the British spirit world conquest. The Show (1925) is the lack of protection of individuals against the freedom of the press in a family tragedy, the brutal curiosity log functions like a machine, deaf and uncontrolled, eliminating the possibility of any responsibility for the damage they inflict.
Loyalties (1922), on the theme of anti-Semitism was the best of his later plays is a matter of honor, whose loyalty is tested and impartially investigated in different environments in which it works, that is, the family, society, the profession and the nation. The thickness of these pieces and others in their logical structure and focused action, sometimes have an atmosphere of poetry is not negligible. especially in a Pigeon (1912) and a piece of Love (1915), which was not as successful as brilliant, but on stage. The Silver Box (1906), like many of his other works, legal issues provide a bitter contrast to the treatment of the law of the rich and the poor, and there is a law for the rich and one for poor. Later plays include The Skin Game (1920) Alfred Hitchcock film of 1931, and Escape (1926), shot for the second time in 1948 by 20. Century-Fox, starring Rex Harrison. In the story of a law abiding man meets a prostitute accidentally kills a policeman in the defense of his. He escaped from prison and meet different people before handover.
While all plays Galsworthy will not be evaluated artistically with his novels, they also confirm clearly what it wants to be the ideal of freedom in the beginning. Even in his dramatic works pretty cool that we play at a constant enemy of all oppression, spiritual and material, to find a sensitive man who responded wholeheartedly to the lack of attention and not give in to the application of the fair.
We find in Galsworthy musical stimuli defines the capture and keeping feelings hidden. His intuition is so foolproof that it can not be satisfied off with a slight hint and a touch. Galsworthy irony is an instrument that even the odd sound that separates them from other writers. There are many different types of irony. One important way is negative and can be compared to the windows in a house where there is no fire, where the outbreak has long since grown cold frost. But there is also an irony of life friendly, bursting from the heat, interest, and humanity is Galsworthy. Its ironic that in the presence of evil-comic, seems to be asking why it should be so, why it is necessary and when there is nothing like this. Sometimes Galsworthy make nature even participate in this ironic play on the people, "said the bitterness or sweetness incident with the help of winds, clouds of incense calls, and birds. Favoured by this irony has passed the psychological imagination, always the best allies of understanding and sympathy.
As we have seen alreagy had Galsworth looking for adventure, altruism and social commitment. This continues in the rest of his life. During the First World War, for example, he tried to join the army but was rejected because of his shortsightedness. Instead, he worked in a hospital in France as an order. He worked for the Red Cross in France, and helped refugees in Belgium. Galsworthy declined the knighthood in 1917 in the belief that writers should not accept securities. He also gave away at least half of his income to charity.
In 1924 Galsworthy Pen, the international organization of writers was launched, Catherine Dawson Scott, and its first president. Galsworthy and Scott Dawson for making contact with American authors began a downtown New York. At its inaugural meeting 19 April 1922, at a dinner at Club Coffee House, where about forty people gathered, for which he has sent a goodwill message read by Alexander Black, President of the Executive Committee. Galsworthy sent warm greetings to the new American Center and deposit the central idea and the hope was founded on the PEN:
We, the authors somehow trustee to human nature, when
We are so close and prejudices, we damage the human race. And
better we can know each other .... more
for the happiness of man in a world not too happy.
Galsworthy an idea from the beginning that an international conference every year, send it to all the centers of their delegates was in London to be held in 1923 with an impressive number of centers, and the representatives of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Italy , Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the United States. The following year, organized the American Center of an International Congress of May 1924, consisting of three days of celebrations and discussions will be in a gala dinner during which a letter from John Galsworthy culminate also read Mrs. Dawson Scott, said the reason behind PEN Home:
I urge you to believe that our meeting is not
only celebrate, but the gestures of friendship that have
deep significance and far-reaching .... Friends,
P.E.N. Club was a dream .... I think I speak of
your hearts and mine, when I say: "With
this dream, we move forward until we have
big reality. "Luck to you all and can serve you
Dream.
In January 1933, a year after the congress in Budapest, John Galsworthy died of a brain tumor at his home in London, Grove Lodge, Hampstead, had his Nobel Prize money in a trust fund for PEN, the last gift and contribution to an organization he loved and cared for, watched them grow and take shape. According to his will, he was cremated and his ashes in Woking on the South Downs spread of an airplane, but there is also a memorial in Highgate "New Cemetery".
The popularity of his fiction rapidly after his death, but successful adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in the writer. A number of letters of John Galsworthy and documents are kept at the University of Birmingham Special Collections. He has 20 novels, 27 rooms, three books of poems, 173 short stories, five collections of essays, 700 letters and numerous sketches and other manufactures. Galsworthy socially committed work was attacked by DH Lawrence and Virginia Woolf, said in his essay "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown, the Edwardian writers has" a novel technique of writing that its purpose ... But these tools are not designed to suit our tools, and business is not our business. "The younger generation of writers who fully embodies values that Galsworthy was accused to be criticized. On the other hand, its influence in the works by Thomas Mann seen, and it was read in France and Russia. Forsyte Saga won an enormous success as a TV series of the BBC in 1967.